ES, aka crazyeights225

Human, Interested in CyberSec and Algorithms, flag{aut0mat3_ev3ryth1ng}

Vagrant Tutorial

“Vagrant is an open-source tool that allows you to create, configure, and manage boxes of virtual machines through an easy to use command-line interface”

This tutorial covers setting up a vagrant box with a lamp stack.

Installing:

Vagrant is available from apt

sudo apt-get install vagrant

Creating a Test Project:

mkdir Vagrant_Hello_World
cd Vagrant_Hello_World/

Create a vagrant project: Use the vagrant init command to create a new project/machine

vagrant init
      
A `Vagrantfile` has been placed in this directory. You are now
ready to `vagrant up` your first virtual environment! Please read
the comments in the Vagrantfile as well as documentation on
`vagrantup.com` for more information on using Vagrant.

The contents of the default VagrantFile:

# -*- mode: ruby -*-
      # vi: set ft=ruby :
      
      # All Vagrant configuration is done below. The "2" in Vagrant.configure
      # configures the configuration version (we support older styles for
      # backwards compatibility). Please don't change it unless you know what
      # you're doing.
      Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
        # The most common configuration options are documented and commented below.
        # For a complete reference, please see the online documentation at
        # https://docs.vagrantup.com.
      
        # Every Vagrant development environment requires a box. You can search for
        # boxes at https://vagrantcloud.com/search.
        config.vm.box = "base"
      [SNIP]

We replace the line config.vm.box = "base" in VagrantFile with the desired OS:

Find available OS’s here: https://app.vagrantup.com/boxes/search

Using the newest version of ubuntu, found here https://app.vagrantup.com/generic/boxes/ubuntu2010

config.vm.box = "generic/ubuntu2010"

Start the machine using up, this will fail because the OS doesn’t exist locally. It will then install the machine and start the machine when it has finished.

crazyeights@es-base:~/Desktop/Vagrant_Hello_World$ vagrant up
Bringing machine 'default' up with 'virtualbox' provider...
==> default: Box 'generic/ubuntu2010' could not be found. Attempting to find and install...
    default: Box Provider: virtualbox
    default: Box Version: >= 0
==> default: Loading metadata for box 'generic/ubuntu2010'
    default: URL: https://vagrantcloud.com/generic/ubuntu2010
==> default: Adding box 'generic/ubuntu2010' (v3.1.16) for provider: virtualbox
[SNIPPED]
==> default: Machine booted and ready!
==> default: Checking for guest additions in VM...     

Some other helpful commands:

List available boxes:

crazyeights@es-base:~/Desktop/Vagrant_Hello_World$ vagrant box list
      generic/ubuntu2010 (virtualbox, 3.1.16)      

Get status:

crazyeights@es-base:~/Desktop/Vagrant_Hello_World$ vagrant status
Current machine states:     
default                   running (virtualbox)

The newly created box is shown in virtualbox:

Connecting to the box via ssh:

crazyeights@es-base:~/Desktop/Vagrant_Hello_World$ vagrant ssh
      
vagrant@ubuntu2010:~$ uname -a
Linux ubuntu2010.localdomain 5.8.0-33-generic #36-Ubuntu SMP Wed Dec 9 09:14:40 UTC 2020 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
vagrant@ubuntu2010:~$ exit
logout
Connection to 127.0.0.1 closed.         

You can now do whatever you want to it. It is basically like a normal VM.

Shutting Down the box:

crazyeights@es-base:~/Desktop/Vagrant_Hello_World$ vagrant halt
==> default: Attempting graceful shutdown of VM...

Provisioning Scripts:

Provisioning scripts are scripts that allow for additional setup of the VM. They can be used to install software, create users, etc.

Create a script:

touch bootstrap.sh

Add the following line to VagrantFile:

# Define the bootstrap file
config.vm.provision :shell, path: "bootstrap.sh"      

Setting up a lamp stack:

Creating a test page:

crazyeights@es-base:~/Desktop/Vagrant_Hello_World$ mkdir test
crazyeights@es-base:~/Desktop/Vagrant_Hello_World$ cd test
crazyeights@es-base:~/Desktop/Vagrant_Hello_World/test$ touch hello.php      

Adding the following to the file:

<html>
<head>
<title>Hello World</title>
</head>
<body>
<?php echo '<p>Hello World</p>'; ?> 
</body>
</html>      

Use vagrant file provisioner to copy the folder test to the box:

Because of permissions you usually can’t copy directly to /var/www/html

config.vm.provision :file, source: 'test/', destination: '/tmp/'

Assign the box an address:

config.vm.network "private_network", ip: "192.168.99.99"

Create a folder for the test files (the hello.php file, any others), add a line to the provisioning script copying them into the correct folder.

#!/usr/bin/env bash
     
PROJECTFOLDER='test'

#create project folder
sudo mkdir "/var/www/html/${PROJECTFOLDER}"
      
# cp the files to test:
sudo cp /tmp/test/* "/var/www/html/${PROJECTFOLDER}/"     

Install updates, and apache2, php

# update / upgrade
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get -y upgrade
      
# install apache 2 and php
sudo apt-get install -y apache2
sudo apt-get install -y php 

Setup and install mysql

PASSWORD='root'
# install mysql and give password to installer
sudo debconf-set-selections <<< "mysql-server mysql-server/root_password password $PASSWORD"
sudo debconf-set-selections <<< "mysql-server mysql-server/root_password_again password $PASSWORD"
sudo apt-get -y install mysql-server
sudo apt-get install php-mysql      

Configure apache2 to have the project folder as the root dir, and restart it:

#setup hosts file
VHOST=$(cat <<EOF
    <VirtualHost *:80>
    DocumentRoot "/var/www/html/${PROJECTFOLDER}"
    <Directory "/var/www/html/${PROJECTFOLDER}">
        AllowOverride All
        Require all granted
    </Directory>
    </VirtualHost>
    EOF
)
      
echo "${VHOST}" > /etc/apache2/sites-available/000-default.conf
      
# enable mod_rewrite
sudo a2enmod rewrite
      
service apache2 restart

If box is not running run:

vagrant up

If box has already been setup, to apply the new changes run:

vagrant provision

And Voila!

Full VagrantFile:

# -*- mode: ruby -*-
# vi: set ft=ruby :
      
    # All Vagrant configuration is done below. The "2" in Vagrant.configure
    # configures the configuration version (we support older styles for
    # backwards compatibility). Please don't change it unless you know what
    # you're doing.
    Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|

        config.vm.box = "generic/ubuntu2010"
        
        config.vm.network "private_network", ip: "192.168.99.99"
        
        config.vm.provision :file, source: 'test/', destination: '/tmp/'

        # Define the bootstrap file
        config.vm.provision :shell, path: "bootstrap.sh"

end

Full Provisioning Script:

#!/usr/bin/env bash
      
PROJECTFOLDER='test'
      
#create project folder
sudo mkdir "/var/www/html/${PROJECTFOLDER}"
      
# cp the files to test:
sudo cp /tmp/test/* "/var/www/html/${PROJECTFOLDER}/"
      
# update / upgrade
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get -y upgrade
      
# install apache 2 and php
sudo apt-get install -y apache2
sudo apt-get install -y php
      
PASSWORD='root'
# install mysql and give password to installer
sudo debconf-set-selections <<< "mysql-server mysql-server/root_password password $PASSWORD"
sudo debconf-set-selections <<< "mysql-server mysql-server/root_password_again password $PASSWORD"
sudo apt-get -y install mysql-server
sudo apt-get install php-mysql
      
#setup hosts file
VHOST=$(cat <<EOF
<VirtualHost *:80>
    DocumentRoot "/var/www/html/${PROJECTFOLDER}"
    <Directory "/var/www/html/${PROJECTFOLDER}">
        AllowOverride All
        Require all granted
    </Directory>
</VirtualHost>
EOF
)
      
echo "${VHOST}" > /etc/apache2/sites-available/000-default.conf
      
# enable mod_rewrite
sudo a2enmod rewrite
      
service apache2 restart
      
sudo apt-get -y install git  

This is a good article: https://opensource.com/article/19/12/beginner-vagrant